Introduction to Biology

Branches
	 [see vocab. sheet]

Microscope
History
	Janssen Brothers
		invented compound microscope
	Anton Von Leuwenhoeke
		 perfected the microscope
		 in the early 1600's
		usually given the credit for inventing the microscope
kinds
	Compound light
		 more than one lens
		 shows the inside
		 x 1000
	Stereoscope / dissecting microscope
		shows the outside
		x 500
	Monocular
		one eye
	Binocular
		both eyes
	TEM (transmitting electron microscope)
		x 1,000,000
		shows inside
	SEM (scanning electron microscope)
		shows outside
	Functions
eyepiece (ocular)
part to look into
10 x magnification
draw tube
	creates perfect focal distance
body tube
	basic body of a microscope
revolving nose piece
	changes objective lenses
objective lenses
	low power (4 x magnification)
	medium power (10 x magnification)
	high power (40 x magnification)
arm
	used to carry the microscope
stage
	place to put the specimen
stage clips
	used to hold the specimen (use only one)
diaphragm
	regulates the amount f light (use setting 2-3, possibly 4)
coarse adjustment knob
	moves the stage up and down
	use only with low power
	NEVER USE WITH HIGH POWER!!!
fine adjustment knob
	moves the stage very little
base
microscope stands on it
used to carry the microscope
CAUTION: metal part gets VERY hot!!!!!
Misc.
	figure out total magnification
		[ocular magnification(10 x)] x [objective magnification]
		40x, 100x, 400x
	field of view
		what is visible through the ocular
	resolution
		clarity of specimen
		increase in magnification = decrease in resolution
	focal depth
		distance between slide and cover slip
	Mounts (slide with an organism)
		 permanent
			can be bought ready-to-use
			are not going to be used in biology class this year
		dry
			slide/organism/cover slip
		wet
			usually: slide/organism/water/cover slip
			this year: slide/water/organism/cover slip
		squash
			slide/organism/cover slip/<- pressure

Metric System
Distance
	meter (3.3 ft)
Volume
	liter (quart)
	cm3 (cc) = ml
Mass
	gram (paperclip)
	kilogram (2.2 lb)

Characteristics of living things
Organize Protoplasm
	an organized, complex and continually changing system of substances found in living organisms
	"living stuff"
	different kinds of protoplasm
	Life- a complex system of substances that establishes the living condition; living is an organized state of chemical activity
	Requires a constant supply of energy
		comes from the sun
		needs a constant supply
		uses cellular respiration
Made of cells or cell parts
	cells are the basic unit of living things
two main groups:
	unicellular
	multicellular
		every cell does not have to do everything
capable of growth
	increase protoplasm
	accomplished by putting nutrients in cells
	growth rate factors
		DNA
		metabolism
		environment
		nutrients
	multicellular organisms grow by adding new cells produced by mitosis
	unicellular organisms reproduce when they divide by mitosis
Capable of reproduction
	necessary for the preservation of the species, not the individual
	making a copy of yourself
	sexual - one parent
	sexual - two parents
definite size and form/shape
	i.e. all elephants basically look alike
	controlled by genetics
have a life span
	period of existence
	every species has an average life span
	diseases and accidental death are not included in the average
	stages
		origin (fertilization)
		growth (cell division > cell death)
		maturity (cell division = cell death)
		decline (cell division < cell death)
		death (chemical activity stops)
Response/Irritability
	Ability to react to stimulus
	Stimulus = condition in the environment
	Animals respond more than plants b/c of their nervous system
Have a metabolism
	sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
		Anabolism
			adding / building up reactions
			 photosynthesis (6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight => C6H12O6 + 6O2)
		Catabolism
			splitting up reactions
			cellular respiration (C6H12O6 + 6O2 =>6H2O + 6CO2 + energy)
Stable and Homeostasis
	stable internal environment

Themes in Biology
	structure and function
	stability and homeostasis
	reproduction and inheritance
	evolution
	interdependence of organisms
	matter, energy, and organisms

Science
	attempt at learning new things about our world
		gain new info
	pure - new stuff
		use scientific method
	applied
		putting new information to practical use
		use technical method

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